1. Does an employer, or employer, have the right to review my credit history?
Under the federal Fair Credit Reporting Act and California Consumer Reporting Agencies Act, employers with a “legitimate business need” may access your credit report. Employers have a legitimate business need to see an applicant’s or employee’s consumer credit as part of their background check as long as the employer uses this report to evaluate the applicant for hire and to evaluate a current employee for promotion, retention, or reassignment. Under California Civil Code § 1785.20.5 and California Labor Code § 1024.5, a legitimate business need is generally restricted to:
- a position in the state Department of Justice;
- a bona fide managerial position;
- sworn peace officer or other law enforcement position;
- a position for which the information contained in the report is required by law to be disclosed or obtained;
- a position that involves regular access to specified personal information for any purpose other than the routine solicitation and processing of credit card applications in a retail establishment;
- a position in which a person is or would be named signatory on the employer’s bank or credit card account, or authorized to transfer money or enter into financial contracts on the employer’s behalf;
- a position that involves access to confidential or proprietary information as specified; or
- a position that involves regular access to $10,000 or more of cash.
Does an employer need to provide notice that it is accessing my credit report?
Yes. If an employer accesses an employee’s or applicant’s credit report, the employer must give written notice to the individual ahead of time. The written notice must:
- Include the source of the report;
- Allow the applicant to receive a copy of the report at no charge;
- Include clear and straightforward language so that the applicant or employee knows a credit report will be obtained for employment purposes;
- Describe the specific employment purpose for which the report is being sought; and
- Be a separate, stand-alone document that is not combined or “buried” with other documents or information.
Exception: Notice is not required if an employer uses a third party, such as an investigation agency, to conduct an investigation of an employee suspected of wrongdoing or misconduct, such as sexual harassment. In such case, the employers also not required to disclose the findings to the employee before any adverse action is taken.
Does the employer need my permission to access my credit report?
If an employer uses a third party to conduct a background check or to access the credit report of an employee or applicant, the employer must obtain written consent prior to beginning the investigation/accessing the credit report. If an employer conducts his or her own investigation or obtains their own credit report, the employer must obtain consent either verbally or by including it in a job application or other document.
Exception: Consent is not required prior to conducting a background check or prior to accessing an employee’s credit report, if the employer suspects an employee of wrongdoing or misconduct.
How long does my consent last?
If the employer wishes to conduct an additional background check from an employee in the future, it may do so for employment purposes only, by obtaining written consent from the employee. An employer does not need permission to run an additional check however, if they suspect the employee of wrongdoing or misconduct (CA Civil Code Section 1786.16(2)).
Are certain things from my past excluded from the credit report?
Under California law, a credit report may not contain any of the following:
- Medical information (unless you give your consent);
- Bankruptcies over 10 years old;
- Suits or judgments more than 7 years old;
- Unfavorable eviction actions;
- Tax liens more than 7 years old; and
- Records of arrest, indictment, misdemeanor complaint, or conviction more than 7 years old.
Under federal law however, a credit report may contain records of criminal convictions indefinitely.
Can an employer use my credit report against me?
An employer may take adverse action based on a consumer credit report, but it also has to:
- Give written notice to the individual;
- Furnish the employee with the name, address and phone number of the credit agency;
- Provide a statement that informs the employee that the adverse action was taken in whole or in part due to information in the report; and
- Inform the individual that s/he can receive a free copy of the report and that s/he has the right to dispute its accuracy or completeness.
If an employer takes adverse employment action based on a report obtained through an investigation of employee wrongdoing or misconduct:
- A copy of the report must be provided to the employee;
- The sources of the information, such as the name, address and phone number of the credit agency needn’t be revealed; and
- A description of the employee’s rights concerning that report.
Does the credit report contain information from the “Megan’s Law” sex offender database?
While a consumer credit report may contain information found in the “Megan’s Law” (registered sex offender database), the employer is not permitted to use this information for employment-related decisions unless the employer could reasonably believe that the information would put someone at risk. To determine this risk, the employer must perform a full assessment of the employee and the job to determine if disregarding the information would put someone at risk.